Bipolar junction transistor circuit diagram

vlsi introduction doc

report file on CNC machine HARIDWAR

CNC means Computer Numerical Control. This means a computer converts the design into numbers which the computer uses to control the cutting and shaping of the material. Numerical control for machines .tools were introduced in 1950’s by Prof.John T Parsons. The first NC machine was built at the Massachusetts institute of Technology in 1953 by joint efforts of US Air Force, the MIT and parson’s cooperation. NC is control by numbers .NC is control recorded information called part program, which is set of coded instructions given as numbers for automatic control of am machine in a pre-determined sequence.Numerical control can be defined as a  technique of controlling a machine tool by the direct insertion of numerical data at some point of the system .The functions that are controlled on the  machine tool are displacement of the slide members, spindle speeds ,tool selection etc. At first, the numerical control was used to produce geocentrically complex parts, but later used for added efficiency in medium batch production of turned and milled parts presently, Numerical control is employed in all sectors of production. Rapid development in the field of electronics such as integrated circuit, large scale integrated circuits and development of minicomputer lead to the development of minicomputers based CNC systems. Further development and the electronic “chip” revolution have ushered in the current generation “compact and powerful” Microprocessor based CNC systems. Development of computer numerically controlled (CNC) machines is an outstanding contribution to the manufacturing industries. It has made possible the automation of the machining process with flexibility to handle small to medium batch of quantities in part production. Initially, the CNC technology was applied on basic metal cutting machine like lathes, milling machines, etc. Later, to increase the flexibility of the machines in handling a variety of components and to finish them in a single setup on the same machine, CNC machines capable of performing multiple operations were developed. To start with, this concept was applied to develop a CNC machining center for machining prismatic components combining operations like milling, drilling, boring and taping. Further, the concept of multi-operations was also extended for machining cylindrical components, which led to the development of turning centers. Computer  Numerical  Control  (CNC)  is  a  specialized  and  versatile  form  of  Soft Automation  and  its  applications cover  many  kinds,  although  it  was  initially developed to control the motion and operation of machine tools. Computer Numerical Control may be considered to be a means of operating a machine through the use of discrete numerical values fed into the machine, where the required 'input' technical information is stored on a kind of input media such as floppy disk, hard disk, CD ROM, DVD, USB flash drive, or RAM card etc. The machine  follows  a  predetermined  sequence  of  machining  operations  at  the predetermined speeds necessary to produce a work piece of the right shape and size and thus according to completely predictable results. A different product can be produced through reprogramming and a low-quantity production run of different products is justified. Numerical control (NC) is a method employed for controlling the motions of a machine tool slide and its auxiliary functions with input in the form of numerical data. A computer numerical control (CNC) is a microprocessor-based system.....

matlab code program for sampling

using sine function and unit step function

a=0:0.03:6;
b=sin(2*pi*a);
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(a,b,'r*');
xlabel('value of a--');
ylabel('sin(a)--');
title('sin fun.');

x=0:0.5:6;
y=ones(size(x));
subplot(3,1,2);
stem(x,y,'k*');
xlabel('value of x---');
ylabel('value of y---');
title('unit step fun');

h=conv(b,y);
subplot(3,1,3);
stem(h,'r*');
xlabel('value of x');
ylabel('value of  y');
title('convoluted fun');
disp('sampling fig.');

Line Follower Robot(atmega 8)

What is a line follower? Line follower is a machine that can follow a path. The path can be visible like a black line on a white surface (or vice-versa) or it can be invisible like a magnetic field. 

Why build a line follower? Sensing a line and manoeuvring the robot to stay on course, while constantly correcting wrong moves using feedback mechanism forms a simple yet effective autonomous system. As a programmer you ‘teach’ the robot how to follow the line thus giving it a human-like property of responding to stimulus. Practical applications of a line follower: Automated cars running on special roads; guidance system for industrial robots moving on shop floor etc. Book keeping in a library. A line

following robot is a mobile machine employed to sense and follow the black lines that are drawn on the white surface. As this robot is developed using a breadboard, it will be very simple to construct. This technique can be incorporated into the Automated Guided Vehicles (AGV) for providing the easy way of operation. Generally, It also uses a position feedback system for traveling in the desired path. In addition, the electric signals and RF communication are needed for communicating with the vehicle and system controller. Such awkward functions are completely not required in this line following robot, and it just uses the IR sensors to travel on the black lines    The word “line” as used in the text below refers to the black track and “surroundings” or “background” is the white area on which the black track has been constructed..A circuit inside takes input signal from two sensors and controls the speed of wheel’s rotation. The control is done in such a way that when a sensor senses a black line, the motor slows down or even stops. Then the difference of rotation speed makes it possible to make turns.  A step-by-step approach can hasten the LF building process. I've compiled the following steps to create a LF, something which I dearly missed when constructing my LF. Though there are several alternative styles of building an LF, I'll be explaining my way of building one and the challenges involved. The line follower (or LF in short) described here is an autonomous robot capable of following a black coloured track on a white background.

A SUMMER TRAINING REPORTON ‘Internal Combustion Engines’ on maruti suzuki

 With increasing competition by the day in the commercial vehicle business, the need is to have a system wherein mass production goes on swiftly but not at the cost of quality of the products. Process Control is done to check the correctness of the process as per the specifications and documents and further improve the process. The various processes are monitored regularly for their consistency and productivity. Various documents referred to for the process control are:

• SWS for information about materials, methods and machines.
• TPL for material information.
• Part Drawings for Dimensional Parameters of the Materials.
• Various description of IC Engines and its need.

WATER LEVEL INDICATOR USING AT89C51 MICROCONTROLLER

Today I am going to talk about a very useful project that I had taken up. It is called the Water Level Indicator. Nowadays everybody has overhead tank at their homes. But everyone who has a water tank above knows the kind of problems that they face. Firstly there is no system to track the water in the tank. Then there come a secondary problem that is when their water pump is started they have no idea when it gets filled up and sometimes there are situation where the pump keeps on pumping water to the tank and the water starts spilling out from the tank. There is wastage of energy as well as wastage of water Development on mic-89C51: This contains an automatic moment that can save water from overflow Implementation of important subject of engineering studies as Embedded system,control system and machine etc, to the fullest.

Sustainability of available water resource in many reason of the word is now a dominant issue. This problem is quietly related to poor water allocation, inefficient use, and lack of adequate and integrated water management. Water is commonly used for agriculture, industry, and domestic consumption. Therefore, efficient use and water monitoring are potential constraint for home or office water management system. Last few decades several monitoring system integrated with water level detection have become accepted. Measuring water level is an essential task for government and residence perspective. In this way, it would be possible to track the actual implementation of such initiatives with integration of various controlling activities. Therefore, water controlling system implementation makes potential significance in home applications. The existing automated method of level detection is described and that can be used to make a device on/off. Moreover, the common method of level control for home appliance is simply to start the feed pump at a low level and allow it to run until a higher water level is reached in the water tank. This is not properly supported for adequate controlling system. Besides this, liquid level control systems are widely used for monitoring of liquid levels, reservoirs, silos, and dams etc. Usually, this kind of systems provides visual multi level as well as continuous level indication. Audio visual alarms at desired levels and automatic control of pumps based on user’s requirements can be included in this management system. Proper monitoring is needed to ensure water sustainability is actually being reached, with disbursement linked to sensing and automation. Such programmatic approach entails microcontroller based automated water level sensing and controlling.